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      <p class="mytitle">Visualizing a set of geographic coordinates</p>
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          <i
            >A few data analytics ideas from
            <a href="https://www.data-to-viz.com">Data-to-Viz.com</a></i
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<div class="mycontent">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-8">
<p><br><br><br>This document gives a few suggestions to analyse a
dataset composed by a list of GPS coordinates<br>It considers the
geographic position of about 200k tweets containing the hashtags
<code>#surf</code>, <code>#windsurf</code> or
<code>#kitesurf</code>.<br>This dataset has been built harvesting
twitter every day during about 300 days. It is fully available in this
<a
href="https://github.com/holtzy/data_to_viz/tree/master/Example_dataset">Github
repository</a>. Basically it looks like the table beside.</p>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Libraries</span></span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(tidyverse)</span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(viridis)</span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(hrbrthemes)</span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(kableExtra)</span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">options</span>(<span class="at">knitr.table.format =</span> <span class="st">&quot;html&quot;</span>)</span>
<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(mapdata)</span>
<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Load dataset from github</span></span>
<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#data &lt;- read.table(&quot;https://raw.githubusercontent.com/holtzy/data_to_viz/master/Example_dataset/17_ListGPSCoordinates.csv&quot;, sep=&quot;,&quot;, header=T)</span></span>
<span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11" tabindex="-1"></a>data <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">read.table</span>(<span class="st">&quot;../Example_dataset/17_ListGPSCoordinates.csv&quot;</span>, <span class="at">sep=</span><span class="st">&quot;,&quot;</span>, <span class="at">header=</span>T)</span>
<span id="cb1-12"><a href="#cb1-12" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-13"><a href="#cb1-13" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># show data</span></span>
<span id="cb1-14"><a href="#cb1-14" tabindex="-1"></a>data <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> <span class="fu">head</span>(<span class="dv">3</span>) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> <span class="fu">kable</span>() <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb1-15"><a href="#cb1-15" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">kable_styling</span>(<span class="at">bootstrap_options =</span> <span class="st">&quot;striped&quot;</span>, <span class="at">full_width =</span> F)</span></code></pre></div>
<table class="table table-striped" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:right;">
homelat
</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">
homelon
</th>
<th style="text-align:left;">
homecontinent
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:right;">
18.28548
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
-70.33012
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">
South America
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:right;">
39.10312
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
-84.51202
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">
North America
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:right;">
19.41095
</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">
-99.27186
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">
South America
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div id="showing-a-few-dots" class="section level1">
<h1>Showing a few dots</h1>
<hr />
<p>If your dataset is composed by a few data point only, you can just
display them on a map. If you have specific information to display
concerning these positions, use an interactive: more information are
available when you click data points.</p>
</div>
<div id="a-dot-density-map" class="section level1">
<h1>A dot density map</h1>
<hr />
<p>A dot density map is used when the sample size of your dataset is
high.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Get the world polygon</span></span>
<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" tabindex="-1"></a>world <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">map_data</span>(<span class="st">&quot;world&quot;</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4" tabindex="-1"></a>data <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="co">#head(1000) %&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">ggplot</span>( <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x=</span>homelon, <span class="at">y=</span>homelat)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">geom_polygon</span>(<span class="at">data =</span> world, <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x=</span>long, <span class="at">y =</span> lat, <span class="at">group =</span> group), <span class="at">fill=</span><span class="st">&quot;grey&quot;</span>, <span class="at">alpha=</span><span class="fl">0.1</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-8"><a href="#cb2-8" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">geom_point</span>(<span class="at">size=</span><span class="fl">0.8</span>, <span class="at">color=</span><span class="st">&quot;#69b3a2&quot;</span>, <span class="at">alpha=</span><span class="fl">0.5</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-9"><a href="#cb2-9" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">coord_equal</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-10"><a href="#cb2-10" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">theme_void</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-11"><a href="#cb2-11" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">theme</span>(</span>
<span id="cb2-12"><a href="#cb2-12" tabindex="-1"></a>        <span class="at">panel.spacing=</span><span class="fu">unit</span>(<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span>), <span class="st">&quot;null&quot;</span>),</span>
<span id="cb2-13"><a href="#cb2-13" tabindex="-1"></a>        <span class="at">plot.margin=</span>grid<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">unit</span>(<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span>), <span class="st">&quot;cm&quot;</span>),</span>
<span id="cb2-14"><a href="#cb2-14" tabindex="-1"></a>    ) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-15"><a href="#cb2-15" tabindex="-1"></a>    ggplot2<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">&quot;text&quot;</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="dv">150</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="dv">45</span>, <span class="at">hjust =</span> <span class="dv">0</span>, <span class="at">size =</span> <span class="dv">11</span>, <span class="at">label =</span> <span class="fu">paste</span>(<span class="st">&quot;Where surfers live.&quot;</span>), <span class="at">color =</span> <span class="st">&quot;Black&quot;</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-16"><a href="#cb2-16" tabindex="-1"></a>    ggplot2<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">&quot;text&quot;</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="dv">150</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="dv">60</span>, <span class="at">hjust =</span> <span class="dv">0</span>, <span class="at">size =</span> <span class="dv">8</span>, <span class="at">label =</span> <span class="fu">paste</span>(<span class="st">&quot;data-to-viz.com | 200,000 #surf tweets recovered&quot;</span>), <span class="at">color =</span> <span class="st">&quot;black&quot;</span>, <span class="at">alpha =</span> <span class="fl">0.5</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-17"><a href="#cb2-17" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">xlim</span>(<span class="sc">-</span><span class="dv">180</span>,<span class="dv">180</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-18"><a href="#cb2-18" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">ylim</span>(<span class="sc">-</span><span class="dv">60</span>,<span class="dv">80</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-19"><a href="#cb2-19" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">scale_x_continuous</span>(<span class="at">expand =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fl">0.006</span>, <span class="fl">0.006</span>)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-20"><a href="#cb2-20" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">coord_equal</span>() </span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="NestedValueForConnection_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-1.png" width="864" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ggsave</span>(<span class="st">&quot;IMG/Surfer_position.png&quot;</span>, <span class="at">width =</span> <span class="dv">36</span>, <span class="at">height =</span> <span class="fl">15.22</span>, <span class="at">units =</span> <span class="st">&quot;in&quot;</span>, <span class="at">dpi =</span> <span class="dv">90</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<center>
<p><img src="IMG/Surfer_position.png" /></p>
</center>
<p><br><br></p>
<div class="mycontent">

<p>Dotmaps give a good idea about where samples are distributed.
However, once dots start to overlap, it gets impossible to distinguish
how many of them are displayed on a certain zone. That’s where binning
becomes an interesting option.</p>
<div id="hexbin" class="section level1">
<h1>Hexbin</h1>
<hr />
<p>To create a hexbin map, the territory is divided in many hexagones
and the number of sample per hexagone is counted and represented by a
color.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" tabindex="-1"></a>data <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">filter</span>(homecontinent<span class="sc">==</span><span class="st">&#39;Europe&#39;</span>) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">ggplot</span>( <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x=</span>homelon, <span class="at">y=</span>homelat)) <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">geom_hex</span>(<span class="at">bins=</span><span class="dv">65</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb4-5"><a href="#cb4-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">theme_void</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">xlim</span>(<span class="sc">-</span><span class="dv">30</span>, <span class="dv">70</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb4-7"><a href="#cb4-7" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">ylim</span>(<span class="dv">24</span>, <span class="dv">72</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb4-8"><a href="#cb4-8" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">scale_fill_viridis</span>(</span>
<span id="cb4-9"><a href="#cb4-9" tabindex="-1"></a>      <span class="at">trans =</span> <span class="st">&quot;log&quot;</span>, </span>
<span id="cb4-10"><a href="#cb4-10" tabindex="-1"></a>      <span class="at">name=</span><span class="st">&quot;Number of Tweet recorded in 8 months&quot;</span>, </span>
<span id="cb4-11"><a href="#cb4-11" tabindex="-1"></a>      <span class="at">guide =</span> <span class="fu">guide_legend</span>( <span class="at">keyheight =</span> <span class="fu">unit</span>(<span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="at">units =</span> <span class="st">&quot;mm&quot;</span>), <span class="at">keywidth=</span><span class="fu">unit</span>(<span class="dv">12</span>, <span class="at">units =</span> <span class="st">&quot;mm&quot;</span>), <span class="at">label.position =</span> <span class="st">&quot;bottom&quot;</span>, <span class="at">title.position =</span> <span class="st">&#39;top&#39;</span>, <span class="at">nrow=</span><span class="dv">1</span>) </span>
<span id="cb4-12"><a href="#cb4-12" tabindex="-1"></a>    )  <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb4-13"><a href="#cb4-13" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">ggtitle</span>( <span class="st">&quot;Where people tweet about #Surf&quot;</span> ) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb4-14"><a href="#cb4-14" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">theme</span>(</span>
<span id="cb4-15"><a href="#cb4-15" tabindex="-1"></a>      <span class="at">legend.position =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fl">0.5</span>, <span class="fl">0.09</span>),</span>
<span id="cb4-16"><a href="#cb4-16" tabindex="-1"></a>      <span class="at">text =</span> <span class="fu">element_text</span>(<span class="at">color =</span> <span class="st">&quot;#22211d&quot;</span>),</span>
<span id="cb4-17"><a href="#cb4-17" tabindex="-1"></a>      <span class="co">#plot.background = element_rect(fill = &quot;#f5f5f2&quot;, color = NA), </span></span>
<span id="cb4-18"><a href="#cb4-18" tabindex="-1"></a>      <span class="co">#panel.background = element_rect(fill = &quot;#f5f5f2&quot;, color = NA), </span></span>
<span id="cb4-19"><a href="#cb4-19" tabindex="-1"></a>      <span class="co">#legend.background = element_rect(fill = &quot;#f5f5f2&quot;, color = NA),</span></span>
<span id="cb4-20"><a href="#cb4-20" tabindex="-1"></a>      <span class="at">plot.title =</span> <span class="fu">element_text</span>(<span class="at">size=</span> <span class="dv">22</span>, <span class="at">hjust=</span><span class="fl">0.1</span>, <span class="at">color =</span> <span class="st">&quot;#4e4d47&quot;</span>, <span class="at">margin =</span> <span class="fu">margin</span>(<span class="at">b =</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">0.1</span>, <span class="at">t =</span> <span class="fl">0.4</span>, <span class="at">l =</span> <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="at">unit =</span> <span class="st">&quot;cm&quot;</span>)),</span>
<span id="cb4-21"><a href="#cb4-21" tabindex="-1"></a>    )</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="NestedValueForConnection_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-3-1.png" width="672" /></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Make the hexbin map with the geom_hex function</span></span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ggplot</span>(data, <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x=</span>homelon, <span class="at">y=</span>homelat)) <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">geom_polygon</span>(<span class="at">data =</span> world, <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x=</span>long, <span class="at">y =</span> lat, <span class="at">group =</span> group), <span class="at">fill=</span><span class="st">&quot;grey&quot;</span>, <span class="at">alpha=</span><span class="fl">0.3</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">geom_bin2d</span>(<span class="at">bins=</span><span class="dv">120</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">theme_void</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb5-6"><a href="#cb5-6" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">scale_fill_viridis</span>(</span>
<span id="cb5-7"><a href="#cb5-7" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="at">trans =</span> <span class="st">&quot;log&quot;</span>, </span>
<span id="cb5-8"><a href="#cb5-8" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="at">name=</span><span class="st">&quot;Number of Tweets&quot;</span>, </span>
<span id="cb5-9"><a href="#cb5-9" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="at">guide =</span> <span class="fu">guide_legend</span>( <span class="at">keyheight =</span> <span class="fu">unit</span>(<span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="at">units =</span> <span class="st">&quot;mm&quot;</span>), <span class="at">keywidth=</span><span class="fu">unit</span>(<span class="dv">12</span>, <span class="at">units =</span> <span class="st">&quot;mm&quot;</span>), <span class="at">label.position =</span> <span class="st">&quot;bottom&quot;</span>, <span class="at">title.position =</span> <span class="st">&#39;top&#39;</span>, <span class="at">nrow=</span><span class="dv">1</span>)</span>
<span id="cb5-10"><a href="#cb5-10" tabindex="-1"></a>  ) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb5-11"><a href="#cb5-11" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">theme</span>(</span>
<span id="cb5-12"><a href="#cb5-12" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="at">legend.position =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fl">0.5</span>, <span class="fl">0.09</span>),</span>
<span id="cb5-13"><a href="#cb5-13" tabindex="-1"></a>  ) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb5-14"><a href="#cb5-14" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">ylim</span>(<span class="sc">-</span><span class="dv">70</span>, <span class="dv">80</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="NestedValueForConnection_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png" width="672" /></p>
</div>
<div id="choropleth" class="section level1">
<h1>Choropleth</h1>
<hr />
<p>It is also possible to divide your territory (the world here) in
regions other than square or hexagones. This will result in a
chloropleth map. Of course, you need the information of the exact shape
of your regions.</p>
</div>

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            <img class="mylogoheader"
            src=https://github.com/holtzy/data_to_viz/raw/master/img/section/MapHexbin150.png></a
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            <img class="mylogoheader"
            src=https://github.com/holtzy/data_to_viz/raw/master/img/section/Cartogram150.png></a
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            <a href="https://www.data-to-viz.com">Data To Viz</a> is a
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     &nbsp;
<hr />
<p style="text-align: center;">A work by <a href="https://github.com/holtzy/">Yan Holtz</a> for <a href="https://data-to-viz.com">data-to-viz.com</a></p>

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